The word “photosynthesis” is derived from the Greek words “photo” and “synthesis” Photo means “light” and synthesis means, “combining together.” This means “combining together with the help of light.” Photosynthesis also applies to other organisms besides green plants. These include several prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria, purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria. These organisms exhibit photosynthesis just like green…
Meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half and generates haploid gametes (sperm or eggs). During this process, homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic material through crossing over. A structural abnormality like an inversion or deletion can disrupt this pairing and result in abnormal chromosome segregation. If a…
The Breakage-Fusion-Bridge (BFB) cycle is a mechanism of chromosomal instability that often results in chromosomal deletions, duplications, and complex rearrangements. It is typically triggered when a chromosome experiences a double-strand break (DSB), especially near the telomeric end, and fails to undergo proper repair. The breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle is a mechanism of genomic instability that occurs…
1. Primary Metabolites Definition:Primary metabolites are compounds that are directly involved in the normal growth, development, and reproduction of plants. They are found in all plant cells and are essential for life. Functions: Examples: Taxonomic Relevance:Primary metabolites are not very useful for distinguishing between plant species because they are common to all or most plants….
Bioinformatics is a field that combines biology, computer science, and information technology to analyze and interpret biological data. It involves the development and application of computational tools and techniques to understand biological processes. Here are some key points about bioinformatics: What is Bioinformatics? Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that combines biology, computer science, mathematics, and…
Definition:Chromosomal numerical aberration refers to a change in the number of chromosomes in a cell. Normally, human cells have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), but numerical aberrations involve either a gain or loss of chromosomes. This can lead to developmental disorders, genetic syndromes, or diseases such as cancer. Categories of Numerical Chromosomal Aberrations: Polyploidy: Polyploidy involves…
Chromosomal Structural Aberrations are changes in the physical structure of chromosomes. These changes can affect gene expression and function, often leading to genetic disorders or abnormalities. Structural aberrations are categorized based on the type of chromosomal change involved. 1. Deletion 2. Duplication 3. Inversion 4. Translocation 5. Ring Chromosome 6. Isochromosome
John Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn is one of the most celebrated and debated poems of the Romantic period. Written in 1819, this ode reflects Keats’s deep engagement with classical art, the nature of beauty, permanence, and the limits of human understanding. As part of a series of odes composed during a highly creative…
William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a timeless tragedy that explores the complexities of revenge, morality, and the human psyche. Set in the royal court of Denmark, the play follows Prince Hamlet as he seeks to avenge his father’s mysterious death. After encountering the ghost of his slain father—who reveals that he was murdered by Hamlet’s uncle,…
Most people, including the team here at XDA, will readily say that replacing an old hard drive with an SSD is the single most important performance boost that you can make. It’s true, mostly, especially if that speedy SSD is going to be the main storage drive in your computer. But there are some storage situations where the hard drive…
